Pachiyambi panali mawu, ndipo mawuwo anali osamveka.
Zili choncho chifukwa magalasi a maso anali asanapangidwebe.Ngati mumayang'ana pafupi, mumawona patali kapena muli ndi astigmatism, mulibe mwayi.Chilichonse chinali chosamveka bwino.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1300 pamene magalasi owongolera anapangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda pake, zachikale.Koma kodi anthu amene masomphenya awo sanali angwiro anachita chiyani zisanachitike?
Iwo anachita chimodzi mwa zinthu ziwiri.Iwo mwina anangodzisiya okha chifukwa chosaona bwino, kapena anachita zimene anthu ochenjera amachita nthaŵi zonse.
Iwo anakonza.
Magalasi a maso oyamba okonzedwa bwino anali magalasi osakhalitsa, amtundu wina.Inuits akale ankavala minyanga ya njovu yophwathiridwa kutsogolo kwa nkhope zawo kuti atsekereze kuwala kwa dzuŵa.
Kale ku Roma, mfumu Nero ankanyamula mwala wonyezimira kutsogolo kwa maso ake kuti achepetse kuwala kwa dzuŵa pamene ankaonerera asilikali akumenyana.
Mphunzitsi wake, Seneca, anadzitama kuti anaŵerenga “mabuku onse a ku Roma” kudzera m’mbale yaikulu yagalasi yodzaza ndi madzi, imene inakulitsa zosindikizidwazo.Palibe umboni woti nsomba ya golide idalowa m'njira.
Uku kunali kukhazikitsidwa kwa magalasi owongolera, omwe adatsogola pang'ono, ku Venice cha m'ma 1000 CE, pamene mbale ya Seneca ndi madzi (ndipo mwina nsomba zagolide) zidasinthidwa ndi galasi lapansi, lozungulira lomwe linayikidwa pamwamba pa kuwerenga. zakuthupi, kukhala galasi lokulitsa loyamba ndikupangitsa a Sherlock Holmes aku Italy akale kuti asonkhanitse zambiri zothetsera milandu.“Miyala yowerengera” imeneyi inathandizanso amonke kupitiriza kuŵerenga, kulemba, ndi kuunikira zolembedwa pamanja atakwanitsa zaka 40.
Oweruza a ku China a m'zaka za m'ma 1200 ankavala mtundu wa magalasi a dzuwa, opangidwa kuchokera ku makristasi a quartz, omwe amasungidwa patsogolo pa nkhope zawo kotero kuti zolankhula zawo zisadziwike ndi mboni zomwe ankawafunsa, zomwe zinapereka zabodza ku "zosavomerezeka".Ngakhale kuti nkhani zina zokhudza ulendo wa Marco Polo wopita ku China zaka 100 pambuyo pake zimanena kuti iye ananena kuti anaona achikulire a ku China atavala magalasi a m’maso, nkhanizi sizikudziwika kuti n’zabodza, chifukwa anthu amene anafufuza m’mabuku a Marco Polo sanapezepo chilichonse chokhudza magalasi a maso.
Ngakhale kuti tsiku lenileni n’lalikutsutsana, anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti magalasi okonzera maso awiri oyambirira anapangidwa ku Italy nthawi ina pakati pa 1268 ndi 1300. Iyi inali miyala iwiri yowerengera (magalasi okulirapo) olumikizidwa ndi hinji yokhazikika pamlatho mphuno.
Zithunzi zoyamba za munthu wovala magalasi amtundu umenewu zili m’gulu la zithunzithunzi za m’zaka za m’ma 1400 zojambulidwa ndi Tommaso da Modena, yemwe anali ndi amonke ovala magalasi ovala magalasi ovala magalasi otchedwa pince-nez (chi French kutanthauza “pinch nose”) kuti aziwerenga. ndi kukopera mipukutu.
Kuchokera ku Italy, chopangidwa chatsopanochi chinayambitsidwa ku mayiko a "Low" kapena "Benelux" (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), Germany, Spain, France ndi England.Magalasi onsewa anali magalasi owoneka bwino omwe amakulitsa zolemba ndi zinthu.Munali ku England kumene opanga magalasi a maso anayamba kulengeza magalasi oŵerengera monga chopindulitsa kwa awo opitirira zaka 40. Mu 1629 bungwe la Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers linakhazikitsidwa, ndi mawu akuti: “Madalitso kwa okalamba”.
Kupambana kwakukulu kunachitika chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1500, pamene magalasi apansi panthaka anapangidwa kaamba ka Papa Leo X yemwe amaonera pafupi.Komabe, magalasi onse oyambirirawa adabwera ndi vuto lalikulu - sangakhale pamaso panu.
Choncho opanga magalasi a maso ku Spain anamanga nthiti za silika ku magalasiwo n’kumangirira magalasiwo m’makutu a wovalayo.Pamene magalasi amenewa anabweretsedwa ku China ndi amishonale a ku Spain ndi ku Italy, a ku China anataya lingaliro la kudula nthiti m'makutu.Ankamanga tizitsulo tating’ono kumapeto kwa nthitizo kuti tizikhala m’khutu.Kenako katswiri wa maso wa ku London, Edward Scarlett, mu 1730 anapanga kalambula bwalo wa mikono yamakono ya m’kachisi, ndodo ziŵiri zolimba zimene zimamangiriridwa ku magalasi ndi kukhala pamwamba pa makutu.Zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri pambuyo pake wopanga magalasi James Ayscough adayenga mikono yapakachisi, ndikuwonjezera mahinji kuti azitha kupindika.Anapakanso magalasi ake onse kukhala obiriwira kapena abuluu, osati kuti apange magalasi adzuwa, koma chifukwa ankaganiza kuti magalasi amenewa amathandizanso kuti aziona bwino.
Chotsatira chachikulu chotsatira mu magalasi amaso chinabwera ndi kupangidwa kwa bifocal.Ngakhale magwero ambiri amavomereza kupangidwa kwa bifocals kwa Benjamin Franklin, chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1780, nkhani ya patsamba la College of Optometrists imafunsa izi pofufuza umboni wonse womwe ulipo.Zimatsimikizira motsimikiza kuti ndizotheka kuti ma bifocals adapangidwa ku England m'ma 1760, ndikuti Franklin adawawona pamenepo ndikudzipangira awiriwo.
Zomwe zimapangidwira kupangidwa kwa bifocals kwa Franklin mwina zimachokera ku makalata ake ndi bwenzi,George Whatley.M’kalata ina, Franklin akudzilongosola kukhala “wokondwa m’kupangidwa kwa magalasi apawiri, amene kutumikira zinthu zakutali ndi zapafupi, kumapangitsa maso anga kukhala othandiza kwa ine monga momwe analiri kale.”
Komabe, Franklin sananene kuti adawapanga.Whatley, mwina mouziridwa ndi chidziwitso chake komanso kuyamikira kwake kwa Franklin monga wopanga zinthu zambiri, mu yankho lake akuwonetsa kupangidwa kwa bifocals kwa bwenzi lake.Ena adanyamula ndikuthamanga ndi izi mpaka pano akuvomerezedwa kuti Franklin adapanga bifocals.Ngati wina aliyense anali woyambitsa weniweni, mfundo imeneyi imatayika mpaka kalekale.
Tsiku lotsatira lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya magalasi ndi 1825, pamene katswiri wa zakuthambo wa ku England George Airy anapanga magalasi a concave cylindrical omwe amawongolera astigmatism yake yowonera pafupi.Trifocals inatsatira mwamsanga, mu 1827. Zochitika zina zomwe zinachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 kapena kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 zinali monocle, yomwe inasinthidwa ndi Eustace Tilley, yemwe ali ku New Yorker zomwe Alfred E. Neuman ali ku Mad Magazine, ndi lorgnette, magalasi amaso pa ndodo yomwe ingasinthe aliyense wovala iwo kukhala dowager pompopompo.
Magalasi a Pince-nez, mudzakumbukira, adayambitsidwa chapakati pa zaka za zana la 14 m'matembenuzidwe oyambilira omwe anali pamphuno za amonke.Anabwereranso zaka 500 pambuyo pake, kutchuka ndi Teddy Roosevelt, yemwe machismo ake "oyipa ndi okonzeka" adanyalanyaza chithunzi cha magalasi ngati aakazi.
Koma pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, magalasi a pince-nez adasinthidwa kukhala otchuka ndi magalasi ovala, dikirani, akatswiri a kanema, ndithudi.Katswiri wamafilimu osalankhula Harold Lloyd, amene munamuona akulendewera pansanjika atagwira manja a wotchi yaikulu, ankavala magalasi ozungulira, ozungulira, ozungulira akamba amene anakwiyitsa kwambiri, mwa zina chifukwa chakuti anabwezeretsanso mikono yapakachisi pa chimango.
Ma fused bifocals, akuwongolera kapangidwe kake ka mawonekedwe a Franklin pophatikiza magalasi akutali komanso pafupi ndi maso pamodzi, adayambitsidwa mu 1908. Magalasi adzuwa adayamba kutchuka m'ma 1930s, mwa zina chifukwa fyuluta yosiyanitsa kuwala kwa dzuwa idapangidwa mu 1929, kupangitsa kuti magalasi aziwoneka bwino. kuyatsa kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi infrared.Chifukwa china cha kutchuka kwa magalasi adzuwa n’chakuti akatswiri a m’mafilimu owoneka bwino anajambulidwa atawavala.
Kufunika kosinthira magalasi adzuwa kuti akwaniritse zosowa za oyendetsa ndege a Nkhondo Yadziko II kunapangitsa kutchukamawonekedwe a aviator a magalasi.Kupita patsogolo kwa mapulasitiki kunapangitsa kuti mafelemu apangidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo masitayelo atsopano a magalasi a akazi, otchedwa cat-eye chifukwa cha m’mphepete mwa m’mphepete mwake mwa chimango, anasandutsa magalasi a maso kukhala mawonekedwe achikazi.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, masitayelo a magalasi a amuna m'zaka za m'ma 1940 ndi m'ma 50s ankakonda kukhala mafelemu a waya ozungulira agolide, koma kupatulapo, monga mawonekedwe a square style a Buddy Holly, ndi ma tortoiseshell a James Dean.
Kugwirizana ndi mmene magalasi amaso amaonekera m’mafashoni, kupita patsogolo kwa umisiri wa magalasi kunabweretsa magalasi opita patsogolo (magalasi opanda mizere ambiri) kwa anthu mu 1959. Pafupifupi magalasi onse a m’maso tsopano amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki, yopepuka kuposa magalasi ndipo imathyoka bwino m’malo mophwanyika. mu mabala.
Magalasi a pulasitiki a photochromic, omwe amasanduka mdima mu kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kumvekanso kunja kwa dzuwa, anayamba kupezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960.Pa nthawiyo ankatchedwa "photo grey", chifukwa uwu unali mtundu wokhawo womwe adabweramo. Magalasi amtundu wa zithunzi anali kupezeka mu galasi lokha, koma m'zaka za m'ma 1990 anayamba kupezeka mu pulasitiki, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 21 tsopano akupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Masitayilo a magalasi amabwera ndikuchoka, ndipo monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri m'mafashoni, chilichonse chakale chimayambanso chatsopano.Chitsanzo pa nkhaniyi: Magalasi okhala ndi mikombero yagolide komanso opanda mipiringidzo anali otchuka.Tsopano osati mochuluka.Magalasi okulirapo, okulirapo ndi mawaya adakondedwa m'ma 1970.Tsopano osati mochuluka.Tsopano, magalasi a retro omwe kwa zaka 40 zapitazi sanali okondedwa, monga magalasi a square, nyanga-rim ndi magalasi a brow-line, amalamulira rack rack.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-14-2023